PEST analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Bug examination - Essay Example The outer condition comprises of four principle factors, political, financial, social and mechanical (Dubrin, 2012). These variables are altogether known as PEST. These components show up as open doors for the association while it is additionally conceivable that at certain point in time, they present dangers. The associations need to keep a steady eye upon these four elements to remain beneficial and now and again for center endurance. The paper talks about these elements and their persuasions upon the associations strategies, capacities and productivity. Political Aspects of External Environment The political part of outside condition is identified with the administration laws, enactments, rules, polices and other global rules that are upheld every once in a while. These elements supplant all nearby and authoritative tenets and each association will undoubtedly obey them for its reality (D’Anieri, 2009). The regular case of this factor is duty rules, charge rates, work laws (Collins, 2010) and exchange portions. Each association needs to provide food for every one of these focuses to follow the guideline. The resistance represents the most genuine danger and associations take a very long time to settle the claims recorded against them as a result of infringement of laws. Numerous administration arrangements are identified with remote direct speculation and force certain limitations on the possession privileges of the business. Especially in the Gulf States, responsibility for bequest assets by outsiders is prohibited. It makes weakness for the business concerns while they intend to put resources into these nations. Another purpose of worry in such manner is about the accounting report of the association that has solid money related position however can't possess the land and building which consequently diminishes their advantages side. In the current business time, globalization has evacuated numerous boundaries and the free development of capital, pro ducts and work has become a training. The business laws are loose about recruiting exiles and it is expanding the degree of decent variety in the association (Barak, 2011). There are sure Acts which guarantee formal insurance of employees’ rights. This circumstance has raised numerous difficulties to the associations. Guaranteeing fulfillment of a various workforce on the grounds of fair treatment isn't child’s play. Each worker has various necessities and it is nothing unexpected that one’s intrigue hurts the advantage of others. The associations need to guarantee that a success win condition is met constantly (Vent, 2009). There are guidelines identified with the lowest pay permitted by law which influence the associations cost structure and thus the overall revenues. There are sure rules about business quantity of neighborhood and outside workers, it powers associations to bargain over the gifted pool and recruit the person who may not be at standard in instr uctive and proficient necessities. The political perspectives are connected with the exhibition of stock trade too. Stock trade is the most unpredictable segment of the economy which is impacted by each news and occasion in any side of the world. The mobs and political solidness in one nation contrarily influences the market estimation of the organizations which have a place with that nation regardless of they are enrolled with some universal stock trade like London Stock Exchange or New York Stock Exchange. Financial Aspects of External Environment The effect of monetary perspectives in the outer condition is as apparent as the

buy custom International Job Research Paper essay

purchase custom International Job Research Paper article Residents of the created nations look for circumstances in the remote nations because of the increasing joblessness rate in their nations of origin. Zones that require mastery in the remote nations give chances to outside residents. Moving to work abroad requires sufficient arrangement to guarantee that the worldwide experience is smooth. The present paper tries to clarify the means that I will take to learn, get ready for and start my worldwide experience. There exist an incredible number of work openings in Thailand. Consequently, I would decide to show English in Thailand. It is so on the grounds that Thailand embraced showing English as the second language in optional schools and colleges (Delgado Boncheva, 2012). English is utilized as a business language in Thailand; consequently, there is a requirement for instructing understudies to set them up in beginning periods. This gives a chance to remote educators. Encouraging English in Thailand will be an extraordinary encounter for me. Thais are cordial, and the nation is sheltered. I will consider all day work in Thailand. Thailand utilizes Thai baht as its money. Thai baht is in sections of one, two, five and ten as coins, and notes from categories of twenty or more. There are a few banks that have trade departments where voyagers' checks can be traded. There are many computerized teller machines around the nation. Significant Visas, for example, visa and ace card are adequate in numerous outlets. This makes exchanges to and from home simpler. When moving to Thailand I will be required to get a visa from the government office of Thailand in the United States. My stay in Thailand will keep going for over a year, so there are a few significant immunizations that I have to take before flight. These antibodies incorporate Hepatitis A, which is controlled fourteen days before voyaging and Typhoid immunization that is regulated orally and which is taken at interims. Japanese encephalitis antibody is importat in light of the fact that the majority of the exercises to be embraced will occur outside. Hepatitis B immunization ought to likewise be given to those explorers who have not gotten it as of late. Lockjaw diphtheria immunization will likewise be significant for voyagers who have not gotten it over the most recent ten years. Voyagers that were brought into the world after 1956 ought to get the measles-mumps-rubella antibody. It can't be controlled if blood tests affirm resistance. Likewise, one ought to consider getting yello w fever immunization. There exist potential barriers to this chance. It will be essential for me to gain proficiency with the Thai language in an offer to procure better relational abilities. There are different worries that I have with respect to this chance. Some data about the visa to Thailand is indistinct. It isn't away from sort of visa I should take to maintain a strategic distance from fringe issues. Lodging is another large worry in Thailand. Outsiders follow through on twofold the cost paid by locals. I ought to likewise accept different tests in English as an unknown dialect to meet all requirements for this chance. The encouraging calling isn't generously compensated in Thailand, taking into account that English is utilized as the subsequent language. Thailand has an American international safe haven; making it feasible for United States resident to be all around spoke to in Thailand. The American consulate is situated in the Bangkok city. It is the third biggest American international safe haven on the planet. It has different capacities to help the American residents and progressing United States enthusiasm for Thailand and neighboring nations in South-East Asia. The United States of America additionally has its quality in a consular office situated in ChingMai. This consular office serves American residents in an area alluded to as American resident assistance that is accused of an assignment of helping exiles and issuance of crisis visas to residents in Thailand and neighboring South-East Asian nations. The fundamental language in Thailand is the Thai language. Thailand is a fortification for Buddhism. Countless individuals in Thailand are Buddhist (Willliams Ladwig, 2012). Wai is the proper method of welcome. An individual will raise his/her hands with the palms held together, at that point contact the head and in the middle of the chest and bow his/her head. Youngsters are the first to give the Wai. It very well may be done while standing or situated. A senior at that point gets the wai by bowing their heads. Regard is appeared by how low the head is bowed. Youngsters should bow when offering wai to older folks who are situated. Thais have solid family attaches contrasted with western nations. Figuring out how to impart in Thai will be significant in this experience. It will be valuable when speaking with local people who have no information on English. Thailand is a land with a profound legacy and it watches Buddhist religions and culture. In an offer to relate well with these so cieties, I need to comprehend them better (Williams Ladwig, 2012). The learning procedure ought to be moderate and powerful. Thais have various decorums in their every day exercises. Eating behavior is imperative to comprehend. I ought to watch time, however being late for a couple of moments isn't viewed as terrible. On social graces, Thais utilize a fork and a spoon as their principle utensils. Spoons and forks are not utilized just when eating noodles; they use chopsticks. It is fitting to take off your shoes if your host is shoeless (Ting-Toomey, 2012). When presented with food, you should leave a little on the plate to show that you are full. Notwithstanding, for rice, which they consider as their day by day bread, leaving it on the plate is seen as inefficient. One is disallowed from licking fingers after suppers as it is considered as awful habits. To procure regard from Thais, one needs to show a great deal of regard to them. It is a long procedure, yet it is an advantageous encounter. Thais judge individuals on their dressing. In this manner, it is critical to guarantee that each time I am in very much cleaned shoes. Preservationist clothing is profoundly empowered; men should wear dull shaded suits. There exist a few assets that help individuals to seek after their involvement with Thailand. Purchase custom International Job Research Paper exposition

Khat Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help

Khat Myths, Effects, Risks, and How to Get Help Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print What to Know About Khat Use By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 11, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 13, 2019 Ariadne Van Zandbergen / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Does Khat Do? Common Side Effects Signs of Use Myths and Common Questions Dependence and Withdrawal How to Get Help View All Back To Top Khat or qat is a drug found in the leaves of a wild, East African shrub called Catha edulis, which contains the central nervous system stimulant cathinone. The chewing of khat is tied to social and cultural traditions that date back thousands of years, mostly in North-Eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula where the plant is widely cultivated.?? While it has traditionally been a custom associated with older Muslim men, its use has grown in recent years among women and younger people. For example, nearly 30% of adolescent girls and over 70% of adolescent boys chew khat in Eastern Ethiopia.?? Cathinone is a Schedule I controlled drug, so khat is illegal in the United States and Canada, but not in some other countries. It is legal in countries including Ethiopia, Somalia, Yemen, and Kenya.?? Also Known As: Some of the common names associated with khat include Qat, Kat, Chat, Miraa, and Quaadka. Drug Class: Khat has a stimulant effect when chewedâ€"similar to the leaves of the coca plant, which is used for making cocaine. Common Side Effects: Side effects include increased respiration, elevated blood pressure, arrhythmias,  and dilated pupils. Regular use can also lead to tooth decay, gum disease, ulcers, and constipation. How to Recognize Khat Khat leaves are often green or a green-brown. The leaves have a glossy appearance when fresh that turn a leathery yellow-brown as they dry. It can sometimes be mistaken for marijuana. The leaves of the khat plant are often packed together in a bundle and wrapped in banana leaves. The leaves are most often chewed fresh since the active components of the plant break down quickly as they dry out. Dried leaves are sometimes used as a tea, although the effects are less potent.   What Does Khat Do? Khats effects are similar to those of other stimulants, such as caffeine. Users may become talkative, alert, elated, and experience euphoria. Some feel increased self-esteem, and others describe increased imagination and the ability to associate ideas.?? Khat is usually chewed, often held in the cheek for several hours and chewed periodically. Chewing sessions will typically last 3â€"4 hours. Khat can also be dried and consumed as a tea, but it is most potent when fresh. As khat chewing is an important social ritual among Somali, Yemeni, and Ethiopian cultures, it helps to maintain a sense of connection to the community and home among people who have migrated to other parts of the world. As a result, a small khat-chewing international drug trade has developed. An Overview of Stimulants and How Theyre Used What the Experts Say According to the World Health Organization, the effects of khat consumption are similar to strong coffee.?? Research published in 2011 suggested that khat has an effect on the gastro-intestinal, central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, and genito-urinary systems.?? In addition to the cultural reasons for its use, people use it to experience the effects of euphoria, increased energy, and appetite suppression. Other Uses Khat has no approved or evidence-based medical uses in the United States. In countries where its sale and use are legal, it is sometimes used to treat fatigue, headaches, colds, and depression.?? Common Side Effects Although khat is a relatively low-risk drug, its associated with an increased risk for a variety of medical complications including dental disease, weight loss, constipation, hemorrhoids, impotence, blurred vision, dizziness, and headaches.?? Its unclear whether the health risks associated with khat use are directly related to the drug cathinone, the consumption of caffeinated drinks that intensify the high, or if theyre partially related to inhalation of second-hand smoke in poorly ventilated chewing houses. Some problems may be the result of toxic pesticides, which users do not wash off prior to chewing because they believe washing the leaves will reduce their potency.?? Mental health problems associated with khat use including psychosis symptoms are documented but not well understood. Khat use has also been associated with symptoms of depression, mood swings, and violent behavior, and it can lead to a relationship and social problemsâ€"especially when khat use takes men away from their families for extended periods, and when large amounts of money is spent on the drug.?? Although khat is considered a relatively safe drug, deaths have been associated with its use, according to a study published in 2011. Signs of Use Signs that someone might be using khat include: IrritabilityChanges in sleep habitsHigh blood pressureExcitability or hyperactivityDepressed moodLack of appetiteWeight loss Myths and Common Questions Khat use is illegal in the United States and media portrayals of the drug tend to exaggerate its effects. It is widely used by approximately 20 million people worldwide.?? It also has cultural significance in many of these countries, where it is often seen as a food rather than a drug, much the way that coffee is viewed in the United States. That said, because it is a mild stimulant, people sometimes mistakenly believe that it does not have any serious side effects. In addition to some of the more severe short-term consequences including heart arrhythmias, it can also have longer-term effects including mouth and stomach problems.?? It is also important to note that while occasional recreational use of khat is considered low-risk, there are legal consequences to its possession, sale, and use in countries where the drug is illegal. Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal Chewing releases the drug slowly, so it doesnt produce the same immediate and intense high of addictive drugs such as cocaine and meth. Khat chewing is traditionally an all-male social activity, but those women who do chew khat tend to do so alone and in secrecy  and are at high risk of dependence.?? How Long Does Khat Stay in Your System? Once consumed, the effects of khat peak after approximately 15 to 30 minutes. The drug has a half-life of approximately three hours.   Addiction It is not known whether khat is addictive. It is believed that the addiction potential is relatively low, creating a physical addiction similar to that of caffeine.  Further research is needed to determine its potential for addiction. Withdrawal Withdrawal symptoms tend to be relatively mild and can include:?? Mood changesCravings for the drugIrritabilityDepression The severity of these symptoms can range from very mild to more severe depending on the frequency, amount, and duration of use. How to Get Help If you or someone you know has a problem with khat use, effective treatments are available. Because khat dependence and withdrawal symptoms are usually mild, people can often quit on their own using self-help strategies. Behavioral treatments including cognitive-behavioral therapy that address multiple aspects of the individuals life can be effective in reducing or eliminating khat use. Talk to your doctor if you feel that you need help with your khat use. You can also call SAMHSAs toll-free national hotline at 1-800-662-4357, or use their online treatment locator to find mental health services in your area.

Human Rights International Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1034 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Are there some human rights that are more fundamental than others? Fundamental rights, Fundamental freedoms, Human rights and fundamental freedoms are buzzwords in contemporary international law. Regardless of the widespread usage of these ideas both in academic environment and in daily life, controversial debates, whether there are rights more fundamental than others, are still actual. World War II and the establishment of UN have been a statutory landmark in the history of human rights. The Classical period of international law was recognizing the supreme authority of the sovereign, subordinating the rights of individuals to the will of sovereign. The rights of medieval sovereign are clearly defined in Leviathan by Tomas Hobbes. According to the Chapter XVIII (Of the Rights of Sovereigns by Institution) since the subjects are the authors of sovereigns actions It follows that whatsoever he doth, can be no injury to any of his subjects; nor ought he to be by any of them accused of injustice.  [1]  Meanwhile the adoption and proclamation of UN Charter (1945), The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Social, Cultural and Economic Rights (both adopted in 1966) were major progress towards the international protection of human rights. Later, besides the universal mechanisms of human rights protection, regional instruments were developed such as the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950). The purpose of the essay is to examine the debate over the existence of fundamental and non-fundamental human rights. The question is observed through two controversial approaches that are equality and hierarchy of human rights. The equality of all human rights supposes that all human rights are equally important, as it is reinforced in UN official doctrines. The UDHR which was adopted by UN General Assembly o n December 10, 1948, proclaims that there is no separation between different rights. Besides, as it is reinforced in the Article 5 of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, World Conference on Human Rights All human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated. The international community must treat human rights globally in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing, and with the same emphasis.  [2] From this point of view all human rights are considered to be equal, and there is not supposed to be any hierarchy between different rights. The opposite standpoint argues for the existence of hierarchy of human rights noting that there are fundamental rights and thus making classification in the field of human rights. The bright evidence of abovementioned viewpoint is the frequently used notion of fundamental or basic human rights. The Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted on 16 December 1966, define s that In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nationÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ the State Parties to the present Covenant may take measures, derogating from their obligations under the present CovenantÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ inconsistent with their other obligations under international law.  [3]  Though the second provision of this article defines that nevertheless there are some cases, when no derogation may be made under this provision(articles 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16 and 18), e.g. no one shall be arbitrary deprived of his life, subjected to torture, held in slavery, held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or ommision which did not constitute a criminal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed, everyone shall have the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law, everyone shall have right to freedom of though, conscience and religion. Another argument provides the third art icle of Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War(12 August 1949), which defines that during the non-international armed conflicts there are some acts which shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons  [4]  (persons, who are not taking active part in the hostilities, including those, who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat because of sickness, wounds, detention). In fact, according to the 1949 Geneva Convention murder of all kinds, cruel treatment and torture, taking of hostages, outrages upon personal dignity and many other similar actions are prohibited at any time and in any place. This is a strong argument provided by the Convention that there are fundamental human rights which can be violated by no means. This suggests a unique hierarchy for human rights. The International Court of Justice gave currency to the idea of a hierarchy in the Barcelona Traction Case by suggesting in a famous dictum that basic rights of the human person (droits fundamentaux de la personne humaine) create obligations erga omnes. This dictum was constructed by the International Law Commission(ILC) to mean that there is a number, albeit a small one, of national obligations which, by reason of the importance of their subject-matter for the international community as a whole, are unlike the others-obligations in whose fulfillment all States have a legal interest.  [5]  It means that fundamental rights (jus cogens) create erga omnes obligations. Still the best evidence for the existence of human rights hierarchy is the hierarchical structure of legal systems of a great deal of states. The legal systems of the majority of sovereign states are based on the constitutions, which are considered to be the supreme law of the states. The provisions of the Constitution can be violated by no means, since it reinforces fundamental statements. Even in The Constitution of Republic of Armenia amended in 2005, certain human rights are defined as fundamental. According to the Article 3 of the Constitution everyone possesses certain fundamental rights which should be protected according to the rules of International law and these fundamental rights and freedoms lead to the self-limitation of the state.  [6] So, observing the issue as an individual researcher I support the idea that the existence of some human rights, that are more fundamental than others, is obvious. My position is also based on the Armenian scholar of Legal Studies V. Nersesyants, who is the founder of Libertar Legal Comprehension Theory. It defines the right as a measure of liberty and this measure of liberty is flexible rather than constant. This is another argument for the existence of human rights hierarchy, which I strongly support. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Rights International Law" essay for you Create order

Ansoff Matrix of Apple and Value Chain Essay - 791 Words

| Products | | Existing | New | Markets | Existing | Market Penetration | Product Development | | | *Development of more apps (22)(23)*Geographically net sale increased 2010 in (America ,Europe,Japan ,Asia specific) –(iPhone) – (Financial Table 3.4 amp; 3.5) (21)*Net Sales - increased by Product in 2010 – (Financial Table 3.4 amp; 3.5) (21) | *Apple pricing decoy(27)*Apple amp; Microsoft joint force(28)*Apple pushed iPhone for business(29) | | New | Market Development | Diversification | | | *New market for Apple(24)*Consumers cloud market(25)*Developing a low cost market-Telecom (Macs)(26) | *First mover advantage-IPods (66)*Multi-Product Strategy(20)*Diversification of apple(67) | A-FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE:- 1)†¦show more content†¦| I-AFTER SALES SERVICE:- * Apple Care (32)(20) * Facilities end user to return the product after useful life to company for environmental friendly disposal(32)(40) | 20.OneSource Info service, 2011.Reports for Apple Inc, [Accessed 05/07/11](9) 21. Apple Annual report; September 25, 2010, Onestop, Accessed dt, 05/07/11(28) 22. Mintel-iphone generation-UK- November 2009(57) 23. CNET News 24-05-2011,International 25-05-2011(58) 24. Alpeyev, Pavel, Eki, Yoshinori, Mukai, Anna, Hesseldahl, Arik, iPad Leads Apple to a New Market: The ElderlyBloombergBusinessweek, 00077135, 8/16/2010, BSP(59) 25. Andrew Nuttney, Consumers and the Cloud, 06 October 2010, Datamonitor(60) 26. City AM, Apple plots cheaper iPhone to fight Google ,Monday 14th February 2011, p 3(61) 27.Show MoreRelatedApple and Their Strategy Essay15522 Words   |  63 Pages 23-24 BCG (Boston Consulting Group) 25-28 Reference List 29-30 Value-Added Chain 31-35 Reference List 36-37 Conclusion Read MoreStrategy2512 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction 2 Part 1: External Analysis 3 1.1 Macro-Environment Analysis 3 1.2 Industry Analysis 4 Porter’s Five Forces of Competition Analysis of Netflix 4 1.2 Opportunities and threats (Partial SWOT) 5 Part 2: Internal Analysis 6 2.1 Value Chain Model 6 2.2 Competencies Framework 7 2.3 VRIO Framework 8 2.4 Strengths and Weaknesses (partial SWOT) 9 Part 3: Netflix Issues and Challenges†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Part 4: The selection of strategic options 11 4.1 StrategyRead MoreMarketing Management - Digi3738 Words   |  15 Pagesthen apply it to a market segment with which you are familiar. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ page 3 1.1 Ansoff Matrix 1.2 Advantages of Ansoff Matrix 2.0 DiGi Telecommunications Company Portfolio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.page 5 2.1 Ownership 2.2 Top 10 Shareholders 3.0 DiGi’s Marketing Strategy (Ansoff) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.page 7 3.1 Market Penetration 3.2 Market Development 3.3 Product Development 3.4 Diversification Read MoreMarketing Management - Digi3738 Words   |  15 Pagesthen apply it to a market segment with which you are familiar. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ page 3 1.1 Ansoff Matrix 1.2 Advantages of Ansoff Matrix 2.0 DiGi Telecommunications Company Portfolio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.page 5 2.1 Ownership 2.2 Top 10 Shareholders 3.0 DiGi’s Marketing Strategy (Ansoff) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.page 7 3.1 Market Penetration 3.2 Market Development 3.3 Product Development 3.4 Diversification Read MoreCompetitive Advantage For Private Sector And Public Sector3598 Words   |  15 PagesValuable: 5 †¢ Rare: 5 †¢ Inimitable: 5 †¢ Non-substitutable: 5 1.5) John Kay (1995) Model: 5 2) Hyper Competition in Business: 6 3) Corporate Strategy: 6 3.1) Dell’s Corporate Strategy: 7 3.2) Strategy of Adidas: 7 4) Corporate Parenting: 9 5) Ansoff Growth Matrix: 9 6) Conclusion: 10 References 12 Appendices 14 Appendices (A): 14 Appendices (B): 14 Appendices (C): 15 Appendices (D): 15 Appendices (E): 16 â€Æ' 1) Competitive Advantage: Competitive advantage is supremacy gained by a company and is an invisibleRead MoreStrategic Appraisal of Apple Inc. Essay4798 Words   |  20 PagesStrategic Appraisal of Apple Inc. Introduction The intention of presenting this report is to give a full strategic appraisal and evaluation of Apple Inc. In 1976, the company was founded in a garage in Santa Clara, California. The American multinational corporation mainly involves in designing and marketing consumer electronics, computer software and as well as personal computers. Differentiation is the current strategy position of Apple Inc. There are five main firms in the PC industry and amongRead MoreCORPORATE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Essay6064 Words   |  25 Pagesï » ¿CORPORATE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Part 1 1.1 Axiata Company profile 1.2 Company mission and Organization Chart Part 2 2.1 Axiata products Models Analysis 2.2 Ansoff Matrix 2.3 Pestle Analyis 2.4 Product life cycle 2.5 The BCG matrix(applied by the Company) 2.6 The 5 forces 2.7 The generic Strategies 2.8 Axiata Competitors(Robi) and SWOT analysis Part 3 Question 1 Question 2 Part 4 4.1 – General opinion about Axiata and suggestions Axiata Group Berhad (AXIATA) 1.1 Axiata CompanyRead MoreEssay about Nokia Case10275 Words   |  42 Pages2. Resource Portfolio 4 2.1.3. Core Competencies 5 2.1.4. Summary of Resource Analysis 5 2.2. Strategic Business Unit (SBU) Analysis 5 2.2.1. Identification of SBUs 6 2.2.2. Summary of SBU Analysis 6 2.3. Value Chain Analysis 7 2.3.1. Summary of Value Chain Analysis 8 2.4. Financial Analysis 8 3. External Analysis 9 3.1. PESTEL Analysis 10 3.1.1. Summary of PESTEL 10 3.2. Porter’s Five Forces 11 3.3. Industry Life Cycle Analysis 12 3.3.1. Summary of IndustryRead MoreApple s Corporate Strategy Analysis4738 Words   |  19 PagesTable of Contents: Page Introduction 2 Company Background 3 Part 1: Apple s Corporate Strategy 5 Internationalization 6 Diversification 8 Differentiation 10 Part 2: Suitability Analysis 12 PESTEL 12 Dynamic Capabilities 14 Stakeholder Analysis 16 Conclusion 18 Bibliography 19â€Æ' Introduction: Strategic management is a critical ideology when it comes to developing a competitive advantage in a particularRead MoreDysons Air Multiplier: Flaws and Functions3322 Words   |  14 Pagesavailable only at design-conscious boutiques in New York (the Conran Shop), Los Angeles (Twentieth), and Chicago and Miami (Luminaire), in addition to Dyson.com. Next March, Dyson plans to go more mass market—selling the fans at the same price at retail chains such as Best Buy (BBY) and Target (TGT). (A cobalt-blue version will be limited to stylish shops, though, to keep the chic-factor alive.) Still, Dyson s strategy might be smart. Getting too conservative has its own set of risks, says Darrell Rigby

Sickle Cell Plan of Care Free Essays

Then, provide a brief description of the pathologically of sickle cell anemia and complete the nursing care plan by filling in the goals, outcomes, and nursing orders for the diagnoses provided in the table. SITUATION: Lavabo is a 30 year old, single African American who was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia when he was 4 years old. He works for a computer company and has been working 12 hour days to meet the deadline for a special project. We will write a custom essay sample on Sickle Cell Plan of Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lavabo is complaining f fatigue and decided to relax by playing golf on a warm Saturday morning. After the seventh hole he experienced odyssey, tingling, and numbness in his legs. After the next hole, he experienced severe pain in his right ankle and knee. He was taken to the local medical center, where he was admitted. Lavabo rates his pain at 8 on a scale of 1-10. The physician ordered oxygen, IV fluids, and a PICA pump with morphine sulfate. Describe the pathologically that occurs in sickle cell anemia (4 points). Sickle cell anemia is the most common form of sickle cell disease which is an inherited, autocross recessive disorder that causes an abnormal hemoglobin cell. The person with this specific disorder inherited hemoglobin S from both parents, also known as homozygous (Lewis, Drinkers, Hitchhiker, Boucher, 2014, up. 644-647). This hemoglobin S results from the substitution of valise for glutamine acid on the B- globing chain of hemoglobin, and this ultimately causes the erythrocyte to stiffen and elongate taking a sickle shape in response to low oxygen levels (Lewis et al. 2014, up. 644-647). Due to the sickle cells elongated shape, and its stiff and sticky consistency it tends to get stuck in capillaries and vessels, and blocks blood flow to limbs and organs (Lewis et al. , 2014, up. 644-647). The major problems with sickle cell anemia is due to their sickles shape, reduced life expectancy and their ability to carry enough hemoglobin or transport it properly to the body to provide adeq uate oxygenation. Therefore a person who has sickle cell anemia has a lower number of red blood cells related to the shortened cell life that dies after only 10-20 days, compared to a normal red blood cell which lives about 120 days (Lewis et al. , 2014, up. 644-647). Bone marrow is unable to keep up with the demand for new red blood cells to replace the dying ones, making a person with sickle cell anemia left in a state of constant inadequate oxygenation (Lewis et al. , 2014, up. 644-647). Occlusion of capillaries and small vessels lead to acute or chronic tissue injury. This leads to further problems related to homeostasis which continues to perpetuate a cycle of local hypoxia, degeneration of more erythrocytes, and more suckling which continue to cause irreversible cell membrane damage (Lewis et al. , 2014, up. 644-647). Unless you’re directly quoting you only need to address the authors once According to Lewis et al. , ASS is xx or write your summary and add to the end of the paragraph (Lewis et al. , 2014 up. 644-647) since all your information is from 1 source. If your quoting directly from the source you need to enclose in † Nursing Diagnoses Pain related to occlusion of small vessel by sickle cells as evidenced by severe pain in art. Knee and ankle. Altered tissue perfusion related to a decreased number of Orb’s and decreased oxygenation as manifested by odyssey, tingling/numbness in ankle and knees. Activity Intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen supply and demand, as manifested by fatigue, odyssey, How to cite Sickle Cell Plan of Care, Papers

The Inevitable Limits Of Campaign Finance Reform Essay Example For Students

The Inevitable Limits Of Campaign Finance Reform Essay Campaign finance issues are complicated in the United States by the fact that the funding sources of the Republican and Democratic parties differ so sharply. As a result, any reforms intended to affect one kind of funding are likely to adversely and disproportionately affect one of the two parties. Furthermore, while most issues on which elected officials decide concern benefits for constituents. Campaign finance reform involves changing an institution that benefits those who make the legislative choices.Today this is an issue of popular debate, which there are many varying proposals and even more varying opinions. The McCain-Feingold and Shays-Meehan bills are the best known and most visible of campaign reform proposals, attempting to restrict the use of money in politics. They argue that in order to restore public confidence, encourage political competition, and reduce the frenetic money chase, the system must be dramatically changed. The main provisions of the bill are a ban on soft money, closer monitoring of independent expenditures, a prohibition on bundling contributions, a raise in individual contribution limits from $1,000 to $2,000 if the other candidate does not abide by spending limits, a ban on use of postal franking privileges for mass mailings by members of Congress seeking re-election and, a ban on contributions from foreign nationals. A second school of thought is to eliminate contribution limits and increase disclosure. In contrast to the McCain-Feingold and Shays-Meehan bills, the proponents of this plan believe that campaigns are under-funded, and that increased spending would help enhance competition and allow candidates to get their messages out, that the funding system needs to be balanced by enhancing the role of individual contributors and that there should be full disclosure of all donations and assurance that they are recorded and made available publicly in a timely fashion. A third theory on campaign finance reform is that of FCC imposed free or reduced-rate broadcast time for candidates. This theory argues that the largest single expense of campaigns is television advertising. Free or reduced rate broadcast time for candidates would eliminate much of the need for raising large amounts of campaign funds. Radio and television airwaves are public property and therefore broadcasters have a responsibility t o provide programming in the public interest. Free or reduced-rate broadcast time fits neatly with the requirements that broadcasters serve the public interest. Because Congress wont act, the Federal Communications Commission should. The fact is that the majority of Americans feel that campaign finance reform is necessary. However, none of the proposed plans is a valid alternative to the system that is in use today. All of todays proposals have a common flaw, an unfair advantage to a single candidate. The McCain-Feingold and Shays-Meehan bills will affect candidates who traditionally rely on soft-money far more than those who traditionally get their money else where, the disclosure plan is unfair to those candidates hailing from poorer areas, and the FCC plan gives incumbents an unfair advantage due to the fact that they are already known. These are by no means the only problems existing in the proposed plans for campaign finance reform but it is one that is shared by them all. Ther e should be no changes made to the current campaigning system until a new system can be devised that will allow for fair balanced competition between candidates based on issues rather than dollars. Bibliography:

Carbon dioxide free essay sample

The current downturn of the business and the rapidly rising prices of gas and electricity are focusing the company to find ewe ways of reducing and minimizing energy costs and the effect of price increase towards its operations. Introduction Fuel and Energy efficiency are a type of thermal efficacy. This means that the efficiency of processes that convert the potential off chemical energy in fuel carrier to work or kinetic energy. Energy efficiency means the use of low level of energy in the provision of the same energy service. Tumble is faced with the challenge of increased cost from the escalating gas and fuel prices.It has to find ways to minimize costs and impact of fuel prices to its operations. If endings Tumble has succeeded in improving energy efficiency. It has established the use of retro-fits that are simple and quick. The company has also adopted the use of low-energy bulbs and dimming lighting of hallways at day time. We will write a custom essay sample on Carbon dioxide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The low-costs policies of the company in turning down electricity and maintaining cleanliness have resulted to major savings. As an office building, the energy consumption rate is as follows 25% heating, 27% cooling, 18% lighting, 30% office equipment, 8% ventilation and 1 % cooking.Despite of the improved energy efficiency strategies that Tumble software has used, there is still need o generate ways of dealing with the increasing costs of fuel and gas prices and how these escalating cost impact on the companys processes Conclusion The soaring prices of gas and fuel are likely to make Tumble software to face serious business operations problem. This rising costs of gas prices are also likely to pass the prices to its customers, and this will make the businesses lose its customers, sacrifice profit margins or absorb costs. The price of gasoline determines the impact of gas prices.It is essential for Tumble software to determine the factors that lead to high level of power institution. This can be done through increasing awareness on the need to save energy among employees. This is a method that involves changing employee behavior, altering process and buying efficient equipments that will cut down waste. Reduction of carbon emissions will require the company to follow strict grants and regulations to reduce its impact to the environments. Transportation is also another aspect that will require this company to train its staff members on efficient driving techniques that reduce energy spending.Recommendations The company has to generate new ways that support and encourage the involvement of staff members in energy efficiency. Tumble software needs to establish options of offsetting and reducing the emission of carbon dioxide. The company has to have feasible sources for renewable energy and other benefits. The company has to have a schedule for long term and short-term measures of saving energy. The company can also consider other measures that aim at establishing sustainable business strategy such as the management of waste, transportation and water conservation and product packaging.

53 Spanish Names for Fruits

53 Spanish Names for Fruits Are you planning on traveling Spanish-speaking country near the equator and want to enjoy tropical fruits? If you do, or if you plan on shopping at any place Spanish is spoken, this list of Spanish words for fruits will come in handy. Fruit Names in Spanish A-G apple - la manzanaapricot - el damasco, el albericoqueavocado - el aguacatebanana - el pltano, la bananablackberry - la mora, la zarzamorablackcurrant - la grosella negrablueberry - el arndanocamu camu - el camu camucantaloupe - el cantalupocherimoya - la chirimoyacherry - la cerezacitron - el cidro, el citrà ³n, la toronjacoconut - el cococucumber - el pepinocranberry - el arndanodate - el dtilfig - el higogalia - el melà ³n galiagooseberry - la grosella espinosagrape - la uva (A dried grape or raisin is una pasa or una uva pasa.)grapefruit - el pomelo, la toronjaguarana - la fruta de guaran Fruit Names in Spanish H-Z honeydew melon - el melà ³n tunahuckleberry - el arndanokiwi - el kiwikumquat - el kinotolemon - el limà ³nlime - la lima, el limà ³nloganberry - la zarza, la frambuesalychee - la lichimandarin - la mandarinamango - el mangomelon - el melà ³nmulberry - la moranaranjilla - la naranjilla, el lulonectarine - la nectarinaolive - la oliva, la aceitunaorange - la naranjapapaya - la papayapassionfruit - la maracuy, la parcha, la fruta de pasià ³npeach - el durazno, el melocotà ³npear - la perapersimmon - el caquipineapple - la pià ±a, el ananplantain - el pltanoplum - la ciruelapomegranate - la granadaprickly pear - la tuna, el higo chumboquince - el membrilloraspberry - la frambuesastrawberry - la fresa, la frutillatamarind - el tamarindotangerine - la mandarina, la tangerinatomatillo - el tomatillotomato - el tomatewatermelon - la sandà ­a Many fruits have local or regional names that may not be understood outside the area. Also, the English and Spanish words for particular fruits may not always be an exact match, sometimes because two similar species of fruits may share a name. For example, what is known as un arndano in Spanish goes by several different names in English, such as huckleberry, bilberry, blueberry, and cranberry. One common source of confusion is that a limà ³n can refer to a lemon or a lime depending on the region. The names of many fruits are similar in English and Spanish, either because they have a common origin (such as from Latin) or because the English borrowed a fruit name from Spanish.The trees or other plants that produce sometimes have distinctive names related to the name of the fruit.Some fruits have names that are understood only in certain localities. Common Foods Made With Fruit apple cider - la sidra sin alcoholapple crisp, apple crumble - el crujiente de manzanaapple pie - el pastel de manzanacompote - la compotafruitcake - el pastel de frutafruit cocktail - el cà ³ctel de frutasfruit salad - la ensalada de frutassjam - la marmeladajuice - el jugo, el zumopeach cobbler - el pastel de durazno, tarta de duraznostrawberry sundae - el sundae de fresa, el helado con fresas Fruit Names English and Spanish Share English and Spanish share the names of various  fruits for one of two reasons. Either the English name came from Spanish, or English and Spanish gained the name from a common source. There are no fruits on this list in which the Spanish derived from English, although its likely that kiwi, a word from Maori, was adopted because of U.S. English influence. Here are etymologies of several Spanish-derived fruit names we use in English: papaya - Spanish picked up papaya from Arawak, an indigenous language of the West Indies, and it spread to English via the shipping industry.pear - The English name for the fruit comes from the Latin pera, which is also what its called in Spanish.plantain - Plantain has two meanings - a fruit similar to a banana and a type of flat-leaved weed. Both are called pltano in Spanish. The words with the first meaning probably came to us via Spanish, which picked up the word from the West Indies, while the word with the second meaning came indirectly from Greek.tomatillo - Tomatillo in Spanish is tomate with the diminutive suffix -illo. Other Spanish food words using this suffix include tortilla (omelette or tortilla, from torta, cake), mantequilla (butter, from manteca, lard or some types of butter), and bolillo (bread roll, related to bola, ball).tomato - At one time, the tomato was called a tomate in English, the same as its Spanish name. The Spanish in turn came from Nahuatl, an in digenous Mexican language, which used the word tomatl. The tl ending is very common noun ending in Nahuatl. Sources for some of the other fruit names include Italian (cantalupo and cantaloupe), Latin (pera and pear), and Arabic (naranja and orange). Words for Fruit-Producing Plants Although the words for tree and bush are rbol and arbusto, respectively, many of them that produce fruit have names related to the name of the fruit. Here are some of them: apple tree - el manzanoblackberry bush - la zarzacherry tree - el cerezograpevine - la vid, la parralemon tree - el limoneroorange tree - el naranjopear tree - el peraltomato vine - la rama de tomate

Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 28

Analysis - Essay Example In other words, the author wants to appeal to the reader’s sense of humour such that he or she can imagine how beautiful the flower being described is. It can also be seen that the flower has been used as a symbol of beauty. The flower is powerfully described as outstanding in terms of its appearance and we can only imagine how good it looks like. In the third story entitled â€Å"Just looking,† it can be noted that it is comprised of imagery. Nicole thinks that Nike shoes that are worn by her peers symbolise real life. Unfortunately her mother does not buy her the same shoes so she imagines that her friends are always looking down upon her for lack of these shoes. She also thinks that bright blue or red clothes can symbolise something beautiful. She wears these colours to disguise her friends since she does not have new clothes like her friends. The lab is also portrayed as a symbol of life and death. She imagines that even if a person dies wearing Nike shoes, she or he is just as good as

What Ethical Consumerism means for Starbucks Essay

What Ethical Consumerism means for Starbucks - Essay Example The conclusion will include a critical assessment of ethical consumerism in lieu of the evidence collected from primary and secondary research. The assessment will be limited to Starbucks. Finally, the paper will present recommendations as to how Starbucks can become more ethical. Consumers always want to be associated with products or services that are â€Å"clean,† meaning they do not bear any mark of malpractice. This orientation is influenced by many things, but it forms part of consumers’ personal philosophy. With natural resources becoming increasingly limited, and the degradation of human principles becoming increasingly blatant, governments and consumers have shifted attention to sustainable business practices. The sustainability message has been spread widely since the advent of the 21st century, and its core lies ethical consumerism. Globalisation has made society more interconnected, so much so that negative situations at one end of the globe are felt another end. A century ago, consumers did not care much about the methods used to deliver products and services provided they satisfied their needs. However, globalisation has ensured that unethical and immoral business practices affect consumers around the world in one way or the other. This explains the increasing popularity of ethical consumerism. This paper will discuss the various dynamics surrounding the concept. Ethical consumerism, also known as positive buying, can be defined, first, as a variant of consumer activism. Its basis lies in the belief that consumers should have a say in the products and services they pay for, and that they should be recognized and respected as valuable members of the supply chain. Ethical consumerism is guided by the notion that all purchases are motivated by moral choices.

The Life Of Working Mothers In Pakistan Social Work Essay

The Life Of Working Mothers In Pakistan Social Work Essay Purpose: This study explored the experiences of mid-career professional working mothers exercising integration between work, family and selves in the context of the city of Faisalabad, Pakistan. It has been examined that how the family systems included joint and nuclear, affected them and their careers. Findings: The study showed that the professional working mothers are responsible for performing their domestic and professional roles, besides self-care. The proper incorporation of both roles is plausible with the stipulation of flexibility from both, work and family system, both, joint and nuclear family system. All women had intense feeling of motherhood; their career was also of high importance for them as they find their values and purpose. They wanted to achieve the objectives of their lives and self-fulfillment. Now they were better able to balance their family, work and individual self in comparative to start of their careers. Research Limitations: The response rate from the audience was low, but, through in-depth, rich and contextual information, which was received during interviews, tried to overcome these flaws. The females from the targeted population became very anxious and some were refused to give audiotaped interviews. Originality/Value: This paper contributes in the work-life integration for professional working mothers. The study explored that what type of hindrance or support a working mother living acquired form the family system and from the workplace and how they integrate the both. Kaleidoscope career model was used for this purpose. Keywords: Professional working mothers, mid-career, joint family system, nuclear family system, work, Faisalabad Paper Type: Research Paper The proportions of women make up an increase in full-time workforce (Metz, 2005), especially in the professional and managerial fields around the world (Cabrera, 2007). Pakistan is in the phase of transition (Raza Murad, 2010), since July 2009 women employment is increased by 1.7% (Labour Force Survey, 2010). The increased proportion of women in labor force creates bigger challenges for women in the incorporation of roles and responsibilities and managing time accompanied with child bearing and child rearing years (Grady McCarthy, 2008). These challenges stimulated scientists to create a link between work, family and self (Valimaki, Lamsa Hiillos, 2009). As a result pressure on organizations to respond towards employees family responsibilities has been increasing (Goodstein, 1994). Additionally the challenge for the organization to find out the adequately integration between domestic and work life by work -family (WF) arrangements (Peeters, Wattez, Demerouti Regt, 2009), by provi ding equality policies, statutory entitlement, maternity leave, carers leave, parental leave, and non statutory arrangements like flextime, e-working, job sharing, term-time working (Glass Estes, 1997, Grady McCarthy, 2008). The increasing number of working mothers, over past years, has increased pressures for them as they confront meaning in work, family and personal life (Grady McCarthy, 2008). Work-life integration seems to be difficult for professional mothers due to increased pressures. They not only need to create meaning in their work, family, personal life by selves but they also need support at work place by the employer. The support by the employer at work place towards integration of work, family and self leads towards self-fulfillment and satisfaction which have positive outcome for them and ultimately for employer (Auster, 2001). The absence of the support by the employer may lead to the difficulties for the professional mothers. The work intensification and long hours, coupled with child rearing demands result in stress and labor turn over (Jones McKenna, 2002). The purpose of this study is to explore the issues, problems and experiences of mid-career professional mothers regarding work-life integration in Faisalabad, Pakistan. How the most prevailing family systems in Pakistan, joint and nuclear (Ahamad, 2002), affect them. The study examines what type of hindrance they face and what type of support they need at work place as well as from the family. Now in Pakistan, vast segment of the society based on women cannot be denied the womens status, autonomy and equality in playing a role in social, economic opportunities and nation building (Amir, 2004, conference paper). Concerns about the economy and as well due to the changes occurred in womans aspirations has increased the women as work force as never before (Ahamad, 2002). According to labor force survey 2010, womens employment rate increased by 1.7% as mentioned above. The focus is on mid-career professional working mothers because they are in the stage of career when a lot of attention i s required by their family and as well for building their professional career. Professional working mothers are defined as those mothers, who manage, develop and invest their professional career throughout the period of rearing their family (Grady McCarthy, 2008). Work-life integration Work and non-work are interdependent and the individuals have to play roles simultaneously or to switch frequently from one role to the other (Wilson et al., 2004). Work role is the professional duties assigned by the organization and non work includes family or domestic duties have to perform for family. Central idea of this research paper is work life integration. Work-life integration is defined that how professional workers incorporate the duties at work place accompanied with the domestic duties along self demands. This belief gained a lot of attraction in the past decade (Metz, 2005, Grady McCarthy, 2008, Valimaki, Lamsa Hiillos, 2009, Peeters, Wattez, Demerouti Regt, 2009, Goodstein, 1994, Glass Estes, 1997, Auster, 2001, Jones McKenna, 2002, Karatepe, 2009, Wilson et al., 2004 Burke, 2004). With rise of industrialization, the agrarian model is now replaced, the conventional role of women expected to take care of the children and men as bread winner is going to be change d (Valimaki, Lamsa Hiillos, 2009, Grady McCarthy). Employees need to confront the work and non-work roles corresponding. Dissolution, interference and conflict between the roles may lead to disorder, burn out, emotional exhaustion (Grady McCarthy, 2008 Peeters, Wattez, Demerouti Regt, 2009), negative health outcome dissatisfaction and emotional dissonance (Karatepe, 2009). The work-family conflict is considered bi-directional (Cohen, 2009, p. 814). Managing multiple tasks at a time may lead towards conflicts from work to family life and from family to work life (Kirrane Monks, 2004). Sense of equilibrium may create by positive spillover, enrichment and facilitation (Glass Estes, 1997, Valimaki, Lamsa Hiillos, 2009). On the other hand women entrance in workforce in last two decades at an precedent pace (Auster,2001), resulted dual-earner and in low gap between male and female (Ahamad, 2002). Females need support from family system and spouse to make an appropriate assimilatio n (Valimaki, Lamsa Hiillos, 2009). The family system and work-life integration for mid-career women It has been proposed that a professional womens career is difficult to be examined without examining her non-work life family system and spouse (Powell Mainiero, 1992). Family, a smallest unit of a society composed of two or more people who are interconnected by marriage, blood or adoption, live together from an economic unit, has basic features of sharing and togetherness (Ahamad, 2002). Two types of household systems, dominant in Pakistan, joint family system, in which women with her husband and children lives with in-laws, and the nuclear family system, in which a woman separately lives with her husband and children (Amir, 2004). A newly married working woman prefers to live in nuclear family system but in child bearing stage this system jeopardizes her life (Aamir, 2004). Due to the lack of day care centers and unreliable servants and maids may make it difficult for the working professional mothers to take care of their dependent children particular in mid-career. In such case joint family system becomes the heart favorite of working professional mothers (Aamir, 2004), which may facilitate and may take care of their children, in their working hours. Woman marries the whole family and she is answerable to other family members(Ahamad,2004), tough responsibilities are on her shoulders, specifically in joint system, leads towards heavy burden when woman is working as professional and as well as an economic hand of her partner. In such case woman may feel dissonance and may prefer nuclear system where number of dependents are less, she needs support from her spouse and work place to continue her professional career. Modern life is leading towards change in roles of women and men due to continuous changes in economic and demographic trends (Ahamad, 2002) The percentage of married couples increased in previous decades, in which both spouses worked full time, a spouse or a partner can provide basic support, include sharing home, parenting responsibilities, encouraging career development, interpersonal support needed by working women (Gordon Whelan-Berrry, 2004). After passing day long activity at workplace may make a working women exhausted and make it thorny for her to take care of children along household duties. In such case professional working women particular in mid-career, where family demands with child rearing are increasing accompanied with career growth. It may become difficult to incorporate both without support from family and work place. In some cases, family and spouse do not facilitate working women but sometimes do really support (Karatepe, 2009). Working professional mother may b e from Joint family system or nuclear family system, necessitate ample support. It may affect in work-life integration. By sharing common interests a flexible spouse enables working woman to manage their career and integrate work and family lives successfully (Valimaki, Lamsa Hiillos, 2009), especially in mid-career where career has already established and women are beyond the parenting of infants and toddlers, finding new challenges in work and personal interest (Gordon Whelan-Berrry, 2004 Grady McCarthy, 2008). Thus, literature indicates when women are in their mid-career, face challenges regarding work-life integration while experiencing new opportunities in advancement of their career, they need to be supported by work place and family system, either joint or nuclear family system. Professional working mothers strive to integrate across the domains and to minimize the gap. This research paper aims to explore the gap that how professional working mothers create balance concerning work, family and individual selves; and how family system affects this integration? The following section indicates research methods used in the current study to address these research questions. Method Qualitative in-depth interviews were carried out with 22 professional working mid-career mothers. The criteria determination for the participants was Professional mid-career working mothers, who joint parenting role along with career advancement Age between 33 to 48, most agreed aged for mid-career in Pakistan With children, at least one dependent child, less than 18 years The sample was chosen by considering convenience and snow-ball sampling. The professional working mothers to whom authors met were asked for further contacts. The sample size of 22 professional working mothers is adequate representation of population of working professional mothers particular in mid-career in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Interviews were based upon 90 to 120 minutes and were audio-taped. Authors transliterated interviews. Table1 presents the sample questions which were asked for exploration. Sector Subject matter Sample questions 1 Responsibilities/dependent care you and your family Tell about yourself, your responsibilities at work place and self demand? How does every day job look like? 2 Amalgamating work and family life Do you find it easy or difficult to manage work, family, school etc at morning? Did you ever feel frustration and think to stay at home full time? 3 The work place-flextime, support, enrichment Is your work place family-friendly for you? Have you availability of any flextime? 4 Career development and promotion-support or barrier Are you on the right path of your career, you ever thought? How did you manage during child rearing? 5 Self-fulfillment and satisfaction Did you approach your value or purpose of mid-career? Do you consider satisfied yourself? 6 Family system Who does take care of your dependents while your working hours? What type of family system may support more mid-career women? Opt out from child day care center, house maid or relatives for your child-care? 7 Other issues Has the study enabled you to think in a different way about your? 8 Demographic data Source: Work-life integration: Experiences of mid career professional working mothers (Grady McCarthy, 2008) The content analysis was the approach used to analyze the data (Bryman Bell, 2003). The qualitative responses were collected, grouped and the concept was examined through the organized analysis of the record. The figure below presents the content analysis framework that was derived. Framework led four subject matters along with four research questions. Further integration of work is illustrated by incorporating values and essence of balance. Final column indicates the responses of the participants towards questions Sphere Themes Description Construct of work-life integration Respondents reference to theme 1. Self-perception in relation to work and family roles Children are a working mothers number one priority. When there was a clear conflict between work and children, participants made choices and children became the priority. Sense of self (assess values, beliefs and purposes) 100% Work and career is very important Career is important for participant they seem stimulation, challenges and enrichment 80% 2. Work-related factors Flexibility is two-way When flexibility is experienced at work it supports commitment and increased productivity in the in the work place in addition to integrating work and family life 60% Changing attitudinal, and social context The changing attitudes and culture in the work place and the social and legislative changes have improved the situation for working mothers Work itself (paid and unpaid) 75% Responsible for ones own career Working mothers took responsibility for their own career at all stages and more particularly now as mature members of the workforce and at mid-career they assess that it is up to them to create their own future direction 93% 3. Merge work Family system Whether joint system help professional mothers for working? Joint family including husbands parents,sisters and brothers are helpful for working mother Sense of balance Choices about time in each sphere 72% Whether Nuclear system help professional mothers for working? Nuclear system excludes members of family except husband,wife and their children is more beneficial or provide support to working woman. 28% 4. Proper Integration Self suffers when work and family become dominant Integrating work and family was a key priority throughout the years with little time for self, but participants found significance in this integration. Integration and balance across work, family and self= work-life integration 80% Paradigm is shifting and needs are changing Merging work and family is getting easier, children are getting older, seaking more time for self- meaning of integration is changing 80% Findings Demographic information and career profile The participants in this study were 22 women in number aged from 33 to 48, fall in mid-career, who endured full time job accompanied with family rearing years. All infatuated nationality of Pakistan. All participants in this paper were interviewed, indicated their marital status as married, with at least one dependent child. Three of the participants had four children; nine of the females accompanied three kids and eight of the respondents possessed two children and two females had 1 child. Seven of the females were living in joint-family system, three of which lived with just mother-in law and father-in law, and other four were living with other relatives as well. Fifteen of the participants lived in nuclear system. One of the females had infants and the children of other women were school-aged or above but at least had one independent child. The women possessed work experience between 8 to 22 years. The targeted sectors were medical, education, makeup industry, telecommunication, nursing and research officers including both public, private and semi-government organizations along with self-employment. Four targeted interviewees were doctors had specialization in different fields, work experience fall from 9 to 20 years. Two of the participants were Ph.D. doctors, fell under the category of research offi cers; eight of the respondents were from education field were working as teachers, generally owned masters degree, as well had some completed short-courses relevant to the fields. Three of the contestants were selected from telecommuting, two from banks and one from beauty salon, preserved 10 to 18 years experience and possessed different relevant short courses. Nine of the women included, were form private organizations, five were from government or public organizations, five were from semi-government and three were the self-employed. One of the respondents, had the nationality of Pakistan but lived 10 years in Madinah, Saudi Arabia and worked as lecturer in the Madinah University, Saudi Arabia for ten years, and shifted to Faisalabad for last five years and running her own school. Self-perception in relation to work and family roles The findings point out that when the family roles as well as work roles spill over each other, the number one priority professional working mothers gave to their children. It is evident from the interviews that females were very disturbed and stressed at their work, regarding their children. Women miss their children at workplace. All women became very emotional when they talked about their children. They are not ready to do compromise over their children. The working mothers focused on giving a quality time to their children. The following statements are the evident of the way of thinking of mothers: Being a mother, my children are my number one priority. I will never let my children neglected due to my career. I have a wish to pursue my career along with performing the duties related to my children as a mother. As a mother, my kids were my main concern. I always tried to give them a quality time rather than a quantity time. Self employed respondents were flexible in their working conditions. They were not bound for any ones order. Such women indicated that the reason for their being self employed was their children. They said that it was difficult for them to give an appropriate time to their children. I am self-employed and running my own school. I rare feel to make an adjustment difficult between children and my career. In case of any accident or sickness of child it is easy for me to take a leave. All women had intense feeling of motherhood. But some women responded that their work as a stimulating factor for them. Females pointed out themselves much active due to their jobs and considered them as idle without job. They had more challenges in their lives so they worked hard and struggled more to accomplish. They identified them as more creative in contrast to non-professional women. In the start of my career, I found it hard to create a balance between work and family. But now I feel myself incomplete without my job. In off days I feel myself very lazy and idle. I even dont wash my face and take bath as I dont have to go at work. My work creates charm in my life. Work related factors: Two-way flexibility is very crucial issue in business organizations. If employers give flexibility to the employees working in an organization, the employees also put more commitment over there. Parental leaves, maternity leaves, flexible working hours, carers leave, job-sharing, may fall under the category of flexible related factors. Flexibility is very important. I am here; the reason is the cooperation from my colleagues at workplace. As yesterday, I had to attend mothers meeting of my younger child. My employer let me to go. As a result, today I am putting my maximum contribution. I am a doctor but instead of doing practice I am teaching at medical college and I got flexibility from the organization to pick my children from their school. My children are quite happy and I am also contented due to that flexibility. Some women pointed out that they had to suffer a lot because of inflexibility of the organization; sometimes it became so difficult for them to run their career during child bearing period. I am an employee of a private organization. During my career I thought many times to leave the job due to inflexibility from my organization specifically during my child bearing stage, I ever got unpaid maternity leaves for only one month. At that stage I became so frustrated due to my child care and had wished to shoot the employer. From previous decade the working trend of the women is increasing and as a result, social, behavioral and attitudinal changes are also emerging. In Pakistan, it was considered strange for the women to go out of their homes for the sake of earning beside their husbands. Now-a-days male colleagues share the responsibilities and contribute to the work with their female colleagues instead of competing with them. I have been working from eighteen years. At start of my career, my neighbors, relatives, and my male colleagues watched me in an unsophisticated way, but now at the stage of my mid-career my peer group specifically included men are very cooperative towards me. Without participation of women, its not easy to bear financial expenses only by male. Now society is more civilized and it is accepting this reality. Women only considered them responsible for their career. They often had to ignore many opportunities just due to their family and child related problems. Women were not willing to leave the city due to their family and spouse. I received much flexibility from my previous organization at Lahore. I was at the promotional stage in that unit of organization. But in case of my husbands promotion in Faisalabad I had to compromise and to leave that unit of organization and made it possible my transfer in other unit of that specific organization in Faisalabad. Now I have to deviate from my smooth career path. I have left many opportunities offered by organization. I dont want to become as part of top management because I dont want to bear burden of work more it may cause to disturb my family. Merging work and family system: As research evidence showed that professional working mothers have much feelings of motherhood and as well they had identified the need to come in professional fields. Women have to leave the job due to negative spillover of work and family roles; they have to leave their jobs (Glass Estes, 1997). There is high importance for them to merge work within their family systems. As indicated before that two most prevalent family systems are joint and nuclear. Professional working females, as part of joint system, pointed that this type of family system showed cooperation with them in their career path. I have been working from fourteen years. I have never felt any type of problem regarding my child care. I leave my children at home and their grandmother takes care of them in a best manner. My children are more confident and bold as compared to my relatives whose mothers are not working. Whenever I go home after completion of job, the happy faces of my children make me fresh. All credit goes to my mother-in-law. I love her. I dont have any problem regarding my children care. I never felt any need of child care center here because our joint family system is the best alternative of such day care centers. I may never feel confidence over the servants and maids as I have trust in my in-laws. Some women indicated that they had to suffer due to joint family system because of the burden of extra responsibilities and domestic duties. Joint family system hinders smooth career path of professional working women. Due to a large amount of domestic responsibilities I lost many opportunities. Financial expenses also increases and I have to give a big portion of my salary to my in-laws. Respondents who lived in nuclear family system mentioned a lot of problems regarding their work and family integration. They mentioned problems regarding their child care and to perform a lot of domestic duties by selves. Working women needed a cooperative spouse. I have to ignore my children when I come to work. I forget work when I reach at home. I wish to have a joint family system at least my children may be in a position to get safety and security because I cant rely on maids. My husbands career is very important and he cannot take leave for children. It is also evident that the working mothers, who lived in a nuclear system, didnt compromise on their careers. They didnt have any responsibilities and bounding from other family members. They indicated much satisfaction because they didnt need to answer anybody. I am thankful to God that I live in nuclear family system, I am very happy in my paradise where there is no interference from typical mother, father, sister and brother in-laws. I am not answerable in front of anybody regarding my actions except my cooperative husband. Support from partner/ spouses were identified as a key element for professional working mothers. A researcher woman pointed that she was nothing without the support from her husband because a supportive husband shared the domestic roles as well. Today I am here due to my husbands support. During my child bearing period I did my Ph.D. related to my field. I did work at home and my husband made it possible to examine my work from my supervisor consecutively. My husband is very cooperative in building my career. Even he does cooking if I am not there. It was reported by all participants that they may only continue their career if support from their families were there. Joint family system was supportive for family emergency time and children care. Research indicated those women who fell under the category of nuclear family system, pointed that they were nothing without their husbands support. Because there was no one at home, work as helping hand in spite of their spouses. Integration of work, family and personal self: Increasing trend of working mothers from the last decade indicated that women were in their mid-career. There felt a need to manage work family and personal selves. But respondent showed that this stage of mid-career they fully focused towards family and work and had forgotten themselves, which is supported by following statement of a gynecologist; Work and family come at first. My profession does not let me to ignore it. I have to remain alert at all times. In such case I find no time for myself. Last day I came to workplace and my coworkers pointed that I was wearing shirt from the wrong side. The participant women showed that they are trying for their values in their lives because at this time of mid-career the financial issues were almost solved and compensation plans are not enough. Their children have also grown up and care for children become easier. The women at their mid-career seek purpose of their lives, their needs are changing. They mentioned that they had past a lot of time with their work and family now they feel need for self care. The following statement proves these views: In the start, my husbands salary was very low, unable to fulfill our financial expenses; I pursued myself towards my career as right hand of my husband. That was tough time when my children required time from my side. But now I have no problem regarding children care or any financial issue. Its now time to focus on me. In summarized form, it is proved from the findings of the whole study that working professional mothers interplay the roles of work and family along with individual selves. Family balance is achieved through the potential, appropriate plan, family system, and workplace flexibility and a network of support. Large proportion of respondents perceived that joint family system helped them for fulfilling career and a sense of achievement. In the start career the most portion of the time, they devoted for work and family. But now in mid-career, self-balance gained a lot of importance. Discussion and conclusion This study explored the experiences of mid-career professional working mothers constructing integration between work, family and selves in the context of Faisalabad, Pakistan. It is examined that how family systems included joint and nuclear, affect them and their career. How these professional working mothers made integration in spite of lot of challenges and what support they require from family system. The lives of professional working mothers are very crucial. They need to run their family and children as number one priority along with significant concern for their career. Mid-career professional working mothers experienced a long time period of time for their work. They created quality in their work, which motivated them for the self-fulfillment. According to Warner and Hausdorf (2009) work-family support negatively affects the individuals stress and leads to satisfaction in different aspects of life, family as well as the job while enhancing more commitment towards their workpl ace. Thats why working professional mothers leads towards the sense of achievement. Now organizations are struggling to better understand the factors, affect the fulfillment of this ever-growing demographic type of mid-career who is filled with intelligence and experience (Ellen R. Auster and Karen L. Ekstein, 2004). The existence of flexible working conditions and flexible working hours are reported as favorable for the working mothers. Schedule flexibility is a boundary-spanning resource that helps workers accomplish both their work and family responsibilities (Carlson, Grzywacz Kacmar, 2010, p. 331). Organizational policies are required to include flex options, for professional working mothers. Women and men particularly who are married, as c

Reading The Light :: essays research papers

Reading The Light   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story that is most significant to me is “Reading the Light'; by Roger Pfingston. This story felt like it was written from the heart. It is filled with emotions, ones that the author caught in his story very well. Even though I could not empathize with Brian, I did feel sympathetic towards him. When David said to Brian, “Is it really such a surprise? I’m sure you know that your mother and I haven’t been the best of friends lately.'; (6), that was a shock to me. David did not seem to be sympathetic towards his son; instead he made it sound like it had happened and that there was nothing that could be done about it. At the end of the story, David, Maria and Brian went to the park where the author stated “The three of them stood huddled in the glare of ice and sun.'; (7) My heart sank. They just stood there accepting that their family was breaking up. I thought that Roger Pfingston wrote this story from his heart. I was able to put my self in Brian’s place and actually feel how I thought he would feel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story that stretched my imagination the most was “Charles'; by Shirley Jackson. Even though children have wild imaginations, it did not occur to me that a child in kindergarten would tell such an elaborate lie. When I looked back in the story, I found the spot where I think that Laurie first started to tell his lie. “The teacher spanked a boy, though, ... For being fresh'; was Laurie’s replay to his mother asking him what happened in school. “Laurie thought. “It was Charles';'; (14) When I reread this I thought that this was where Laurie decided to put on his act. I know that young children are capable of a lot of things, and some times they go unnoticed, like Laurie’s charade. This story seemed to be more like a fairy tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Story that I think I will remember the longest is “Another April'; by Jesse Stuart. This story found a soft spot in my heart. I thought it was indescribable how much Grandpa enjoyed life. Grandpa was acting like an anxious little kid “Don’t get ’em, I won’t ketch cold.'; (37) Grandpa seemed to be filled with life. He waited every year to go out and be among the world.

Hobbes’ And Locke’s Political Philosophy Essay

On Hobbes’ Political Philosophy Hobbes’ scientistic philosophy presupposed that man is the self-sufficient interpreter of the facts of life and that man can correctly define what the facts of life are. Similar to the Sophists, Hobbes asserted that the knowable facts of life are only particular empirical things. Thus, Hobbes asserted that universal words, such as good and evil, are incomprehensible to man in the objective sense as rooted in reality. Because they are non-empirical and universal, they are mere names. Like the Sophists, Hobbes was also a nominalist. Moreover, Hobbes asserted that metaphysical essences and metaphysical forms do not exist. God’s attributes are merely names that man thinks would honor Him. Thus, like the Sophists, there is no natural hierarchy tied to the essences or purposes of things, but only a realm of natural causes. For Hobbes, man existed individually in a state of nature before civil government was formed. He asserted that human equality is based upon an empirical condition, namely power. Man in the state of nature was obligated only to seek Peace by self-preservation. Hobbes embraced a negative theory of freedom. There was really no law in the state of nature because the obligation to seek peace was not declared from a higher power; no one had a Bible in the state of nature to proclaim to him the will of almighty God. As one who believed in God’s existence, Hobbes’ scientistic epistemology and ontology forced him to embrace theological voluntarism. Ultimately, morals are grounded in the arbitrary will of God rather than His character. Hobbes postulated that the superior will and power are the only legitimate grounds of law.[1] In terms of what is good and evil, just and unjust, the natural man in a state of nature did whatever he reasonably thought was right in his own eyes to preserve his life. If killing another person was deemed necessary to preserve his life, then it was good and just in the sense that it preserved the peace. Thus, because good and evil, just and unjust are mere names whose meanings no one can agree on, the state of nature is a state of war, every man against every man. And because man naturally avoids the risk of harm, he arms himself to preserve the peace.[2] For Hobbes, only civil society has a supreme sovereign to give the citizens the standard they so desperately need to judge between good and evil, virtue and vice. For Hobbes, good and evil are not objective ideas rooted in reality that man can conceive and understand with his own mind. Therein is the fountain from which springs forth the conflict of individual man in a state of nature. Man, as a risk avoider, contracts with his fellow man to leave the state of nature and create an artificial civil society in which a third party will act as the supreme power. Hobbes pointed, the will of the parties in their social contract create their duties to each other and to the third party. The third party, the king, must define for the society what is good and evil, just and unjust so that the natural war of all against all will cease. The king, however, is not a party to the contract. The king has no contractual duty to the citizens, but only a natural duty to God to seek peace. The king seeks peace by deterring evildoers (the king defines who is evil) by wielding the sword and restricting free speech. Thus, any punishment meted out by the government is for the purpose of deterring wrongdoing, not retribution. That is, the â€Å"evildoer† is neither punished because he necessarily deserves it nor punished proportionally to his just desert, but because the punishment is an example to others how seriously the king takes his duty to preserve the peace. Thus, logically, the king could â€Å"rightly† punish an innocent citizen. The only inalienable right the citizens have is the natural right to preserve their life. Thus, they contracted to obey the king; they did not contract not to resist the king when being punished. In the state of nature, no man is obligated to heed another person’s opinion or power. Every person has a right to all things, to define what is good and what is evil, even to kill a person if one does not trust him. For Hobbes, the primary means of achieving peace is by creating an â€Å"artificial† society through individual covenantal relationships (Ibid, 66). In De Cive, Hobbes defined a contract as â€Å"the act of two, or more, mutually conveying their rights† and a covenant as that which involves promises that bind one to perform in the future (Ibid, 35-36). Hobbes’ political theory involves more of a social covenant idea than a social contract. But he does tend to use the two terms interchangeably, as is evidenced below, perhaps signifying both that rights are given up and that one is bound to perform in the future with the creation of civil society out of the state of nature.[3] Most assuredly, Hobbes’ political philosophy is a recipe for a tyrannical and oppressive government Similar to the Sophists, Hobbes’ scientistic philosophy supports the argument that any philosophy that has scientific presuppositions and begins with physical particulars produces a negative view of freedom, a simple view of human equality based upon power, authority that is equated with mere power and sanction, a deterrence theory of punishment, a natural law that can only be known in selfish generalities, natural rights that are grounded in man’s self-interests, nominalism, and theological voluntarism. In addition, because the social contract or covenant is made with each other and not with the sovereign, the sovereign has no obligation to the people that arises from the social contract. The only obligation the absolute sovereign king has is to God. In Leviathan, Hobbes discusses why a king with such absolute power â€Å"will not take all, spoil all, kill all†. Hobbes states: â€Å"[T]hough by right, that is, without injury to them, he may do it, yet can he not do it justly, that is, without breach of the natural laws, and injury against God. And therefore there is some security for subjects in the oaths which princes take†.[4] Hobbes seems to say that the king would not be seeking peace, the one obligation of the natural law, if he sought to â€Å"take all, spoil all, and kill all†. But if the king does abuse his power, the citizens have an inalienable right to resist death. For Hobbes, the citizens contracted or covenanted away their natural right to all things, but one: the preservation of life. According to Hobbes, that is the one inalienable right that men have. In essence, men contract or covenant with each other that the king may kill them if they do not perform their contractual duty, not that they will not resist when then king attempts to kill them. Although the king can â€Å"sin †¦ against God,† in no situation â€Å"is the right taken away from him, of slaying those who shall refuse to obey him†.[5] Moreover, the king has the right â€Å"to judge what opinions and doctrines are enemies unto peace, and also that he forbid them to be taught†.[6] Hence, it is the sole purpose of having a civic government. On Locke’s Political Philosophy The state of nature refers to the natural pre-political state of man. Except for the fact that Locke believed man naturally is a social person in a family, he agreed with Hobbes that man is not naturally a social being. Similar to Hobbes, civil society is not natural, but artificial. In a state of nature, man was free within the bounds of the natural law and was equal in power in relation to everyone else to act as judge in his own case and controversy with anyone else. The natural law obligates man to preserve himself: to do no harm, and to preserve the community in the absence of competition.[7] Similar to Hobbes, Locke equated human equality with power. Although Locke believed in a positive view of freedom whereby man is free only within law, Locke failed to show that man could know the specifics of the natural law code and thus, he failed to show that man really possessed a positive freedom in the state of nature. Do no harm does not provide much moral guidance. In reality, like Hobbes, for Locke man possessed a negative freedom. Locke stated â€Å"state all men are naturally in†¦ is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions, and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man. A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another†.[8] Similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Locke believed man began his existence in a state of nature. For Locke, the state of nature is divided into two historical stages. In the first stage, man had a natural property right over his own body. Everything else was naturally held in common. When a man labored over something that was held in common, he acquired property in it. Moreover, man had a natural right of subsistence, which was regulated by spoilage. In other words, what man possessed as property by mixing his labor with it was limited by what he could consume before spoiling. The second stage of the state of nature was initiated in by the invention and use of money. With the invention of money, man could enlarge his possessions way beyond what he could consume before spoiling. Money does not spoil. Although the use of money produced the unequal division of the earth, overall, Locke argues everyone is better off: For Locke, mankind socially compacted to form civil society for several reasons: first, some in the state of nature were ignorant of the law of nature, second some were biased by the amount of property they had, third, there was no impartial judge to resolve disputes, and fourth, there was no third power to execute the law of nature. Underlying all of these reasons to form civil society is, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, man’s self-interested passion to preserve himself. Because not one theoretical or practical principle is written on man’s heart, the natural law is not written on man’s heart. Because the natural law can be known only from a lawmaker, those who are ignorant of God’s existence because they fail to apply their reason are ignorant of the natural law. For those who do apply their reason and come to know of God’s existence and the natural law, Locke claimed that they could know the natural law code as they could know the specifics of mathematics. But Locke never came close to showing that the specific moral code is capable of mathematical demonstration. Locke extremely overestimated how much moral knowledge his empiricist epistemology could deliver. Locke’s empiricist epistemology could not demonstrate in detail what was good or evil, just or unjust For Locke, man’s conscience is nothing other than his own opinion of what is right and wrong. Thus, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Locke was essentially a skeptic. God’s natural law governs his creatures. Although Locke wrote of God’s right and authority to rule over his creatures, Locke never justifies his assertion. Locke never demonstrated that God was anything except the most powerful being that could compel obedience through rewards and punishments. Locke’s empiricist epistemology does not allow him to draw the distinction between authority and mere power. Thus, like Hobbes, punishment for Locke was merely deterrence. Moreover, because Locke was so consumed with, and analyzed so thoroughly, the empiricist epistemology of natural law, Locke demonstrates clearer than Hobbes that scientism coupled with a belief in God leads to nothing but theological voluntarism, i.e., the law is ultimately grounded in God’s almighty will, not His unchanging character, such that God can will anything to be moral. Thus, whoever embraces an empiricist epistemology and at the same time, acknowledges God as the ultimate lawgiver, will be left with nothing but theological voluntarism. Thus, scientistic modernism destroyed the firm and unchanging foundation of civil law and the only real restraint to civil tyranny, namely, a natural law grounded in God’s eternal and unchanging character. Similar to Hobbes, the source of civil governmental power for Locke is the consent of the people. There are two natural powers that are given to civil society, the legislative and executive. The legislative power in any civil government is superior over the executive because it gives the laws to the executive. Some of man’s natural executive power is retained. This is so because man’s natural right of self-preservation is inalienable, i.e., it cannot be given over to civil government. Thus, men in civil society have a right to resist the civil government if, after a long train of abuses, their opinion on the basis of their feelings grounded in their experience is that the civil government has violated the natural law. The civil governmental authority puts itself into a state of war with the people when it repeatedly violates the natural law. Tyranny occurs when the civil government acts out of its own self-interest and does not protect the property of the people. Locke’s theory of civil resistance is weak, however, because he failed to demonstrate that the specific code of the natural law is knowable.[9] Similar to Hobbes, Locke’s empiricist epistemology made the end of civil government empirical, i.e., the self-preservation of the people. Locke’s theory of civil resistance is based upon the personal opinions of the people. Thus, Locke could support that notion that the civil government should tolerate every religious opinion that does not threaten the people’s physical property.[10] Moreover, Locke placed most religious beliefs in the realm of mere opinions. For Locke, only a few religious propositions were within the realm of demonstrative knowledge. Overall, Locke’s theory of religious toleration is a two-edged sword. In a sense, it encouraged theological relativism. In another sense, it allowed religious liberty, albeit seemingly equating toleration with liberty (negative freedom). Finally, if Hobbes’ political philosophy described how a society of skeptics could live together under one sovereign power, then Locke’s political philosophy described how a society of skeptics could live together by balancing their opinions with the civil government’s. Thus, contrary to Hobbes, Locke believed that a little civil resistance now and then is a good thing. Although Locke’s political philosophy guard’s against tyranny better than the political philosophy of the Sophists and Hobbes, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Locke’s scientistic philosophy supports the argument that any philosophy that has scientific presuppositions and begins with physical particulars produces a negative view of freedom, a simple view of human equality based upon power, authority that is equated with mere power and sanction, a deterrence theory of punishment, a natural law that can only be known in selfish generalities, natural rights that are grounded in man’s self-interests, nominalism, and theological voluntarism. BIBILIOGRAPHY Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan: Or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, ed. Michael Oakeshott. New York: Simon &. Schuster, Inc., 1997. Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. [1]   Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan: Or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil (New York: Simon &. Schuster, Inc., 1997), 54-63) [2] Ibid, 72-77. [3] Ibid, 11-21. [4] Ibid, 77. [5] Ibid, 79. [6] Ibid, 76. [7] Locke, John, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) 283-290. [8] Ibid, 263. [9] Ibid, 290-292. [10] Ibid.